Click on it and choose the Texture Tools for Adobe Photoshop link. Download and install the plugin on your computer. It should work just fine with the latest Photoshop CC and as far back as Photoshop 5.0. After you have the plugin installed, you can use Photoshop to convert all of your project PNG textures to DDS format prior to releasing your mod. The DirectDraw Surface container file format (uses the filename extension DDS), is a Microsoft format for storing data compressed with the proprietary S3 Texture Compression (S3TC) algorithm, which can be decompressed in hardware by GPUs. The textures here are sometimes directly called from the Aircrafts. That's why we convert to dds, but we keep the original textures, in case they are needed for some plane referencing non dds texture from this folder.
DXT is a set of compression algorithms or codecs applied to raster/bitmap images. The set is also known as S3 Texture Compression (S3TC). They all convert 4×4 blocks of pixels to either 64-bits or 128-bits depending on the codec. All are lossy algorithms. The original codecs were created by S3 Graphics, but many non-encumbered alternatives exist now. There are many different codecs: DXT1, DXT3, DXT5, etc. I’ll talk more about them in a moment.
DDS (Direct Draw Surface) is an image file format, rather like a container for storing image data compressed using one of the DXT codecs. It was developed by Microsoft and introduced with DirectX 7.
Together, a DDS file containing data organized using a DXT code creates an image file that can be used in most graphical applications, at least those that support DDS natively or via a plug-in. DDS files are very common in the game industry, where advantages in loading speed and video memory savings outweigh disadvantages.
DXT sees images as collections of 4×4 blocks of pixels called “texels”. For every texel, DXT selects two colors from the texel, each determining one end of a color range of 4 colors. The middle two colors are interpolated. The sixteen pixels of the texel are then assigned a 2-bit index (0-3) that maps them to the color range. The two representative colors are stored as 16-bit RGB values (5:6:5). So each texel requires 2×16 bits for the colors, plus 16×2 bits for the indices, giving a total of 64 bits for each texel, which equates to 4 bits per pixel. So for any set of images having the same dimensions, compressed size will always be the same.
What if the image has an alpha channel? How DXT handles this depends on the codec used. In DXT5, the alpha channel is encoded using a second set of 64 bits for each texel. DXT5 stores alpha information in a way that is almost the same as color information. Two alpha values are selected and used as the extremes for a range of transparency values. The alpha values are represented by 8 bits each, and the range indices by 3 bits each, allowing for gradients of up to 8 shades.
DXT3 handles the alpha channel a little differently. Each pixel gets 4 bits to represent its alpha, for a total of 16 unique values of transparency. This allows the alpha channel to be represented more accurately than DXT5, but with less subtle transitions.
So, for an image with no alpha using DXT1, compression results in an image using 4 bpp (bits per pixel). For an image using DXT3 or DXT5 incorporating an alpha channel, the requirements will be 8 bpp. Note that the actual image size will likely be larger, as it will frequently include mipmap data.
Fast load times. DDS files are ready to be used by the graphics system and can be read straight into graphics memory with little overhead. In situations where many files are being constantly swapped in/out of the graphics unit, this can be a substantial savings and can reduce “lag”, especially with big texture files.
Mipmaps can be pre-generated and included in the DDS files. This is another savings in load times and gives the graphic designer control over mipmap construction. More on mipmaps in a moment.
Data remains compressed in video memory. All image formats except DDS/DXT are loaded into graphics memory in flat, uncompressed state. (And uncompressing them takes time and resources.) DDS/DXT files remain in their compressed state in video RAM, using special algorithms on the video card to retrieve data on demand. Compression ratio is 6:1 if no alpha channel is used, or 4:1 if an alpha channel is used. This can result in huge video memory savings.
DXT codecs are lossy. What is stored as compressed data is not the same as the original image, and on a fine level it may not even be close. Images with high contrast regions such as print or cartoon-like colors and borders will likely generate visible artifacts, particularly with smaller resolutions. For this reason DXT can be problematic when used with normal maps, though there are work-arounds. I’ll come back to this issue. Never use DDS files for editing and archiving.
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The compression degrades the original colors. It is not a good format where retention of the true color is critical, particularly in those situations where fine differences may have a large impact. DXT generates images using a 16 bit color depth. Where formats like JPG or PNG use 8 bits per channel per pixel (RGB 8:8:8) for a 24 bit color depth (32 bits with PNGs having an alpha channel), DXT reduces the spectrum down to 5:6:5 bits using an interpolation algorithm to arrive at the new color values.
In short, you lose much of the original color range. But many graphic applications in games and sims don’t require tight control over the colors, and good choice of color palette can eliminate any visible results of this DXT effect.
File size on disk can be large for DDS. For example, a 1024×1024 image with an alpha channel and mipmaps will result in a 1.37MB file. But file size is a relatively small consideration these days. Game/simulation performance matters far more.
DDS/DXT images can be of any dimension expressed in powers of two up to the limits of your application or hardware, but no dimension can be less than 4. So 1024×512 is fine, but 2048×2 is not. Since DXT compression works with texels and each texel is a 4×4 block of pixels, it follows that DXT can’t work with an image with a dimension smaller than 4.
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An object seen up close needs a relatively high-resolution texture so that it doesn’t look pixelated. But an object seen in the distance needs much less resolution to look reasonable, and smaller resolutions require less resources. A mipmap is a set of pre-calculated versions of the same image progressively decreasing in size until the image reaches a dimension of 1×1. The idea is to have a handy set of smaller images that can be used to increase rendering speed and reduce aliasing effects while allowing the creator to optimize the appearance of the image at each stage.
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With mipmaps, the render engine can use the smaller, pre-processed version. This speeds things up significantly when you consider a scene of many objects at varying distances from the viewer.
With most image file formats, the render engine must generate the mipmaps when the image is loaded. This takes time, and the render engine may not make the best choices for the appearance of the image. DDS files give you control over this process, allowing you to pre-generate mipmaps and store them ready-to-go along side the source image in the same DDS file.
There is of course a penalty. Mipmaps take up space, increasing data size by 33% beyond that required to store the source image. This increases both size on disk and size in video memory. Unless your primary concern is file size, the benefits of mipmapping more than outweigh the costs.
DXT comes in a lot of flavors. Fortunately most are specialty applications. For common situations you’ll probably need to consider only three: DXT1, DXT3 and DXT5. Let’s briefly overview each one to get an idea when they might be used.
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DXT1 (BC1)
If your image does not require an alpha channel, use the no-alpha DXT1. It uses the same compression algorithm as DXT3/5 for color data, and will get you half the file size. I’ve never used this one with an alpha channel. Sometimes referred to as BC1 (Block Compression 1).
DXT3 (BC2)
DXT3’s method for storing alpha is better for files that have clearly delineated defined alpha regions and values. It may result in banding artifacts if used on images with smooth blended alpha regions– use DXT5 for these cases. I rarely use DXT3.
DXT5 (BC3)
DXT5 is the go-to codec for most images that include an alpha channel. The cost is double the file size of a DXT1 image. If you do not need an alpha channel (and I suggest that you not include an alpha channel unless you absolutely must), use DXT1.
DDS images are just regular images with or without an alpha channel. They can be created in GIMP or Photoshop or whatever you have. To export your image as a DDS file, you’ll need a plugin. NVIDIA offers a free tool for importing/exporting DDS files into Photoshop:
A plugin for GIMP can be found here:
Learning to use these plugins is beyond the scope of this article, but I have a few observations. It depends on the nature of the image.
A normal map stores information that allows lighting calculations to be done at the per-pixel level rather than interpolating between vertices. This can make lighting much smoother and more graduated, or it can make significant changes how lighting affects a given point. The common use of a normal map is to tweak surface data to give the illusion of having extra detail. It’s not real detail– it doesn’t actually change the geometry, but it does change the lighting and can give very realistic results without adding polygonal complexity.
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Normal map data is essentially a normal vector for each pixel. The normal gives an indication of the “facing” of the pixel. Normal maps use the RGB color space to store the data needed for the effect– the 24 bits for each pixel are used to encode the pixel’s vector.
Given that a color in this context is really a vector, changing a color can significantly alter the scale and direction of that vector, thus altering the effects at any given location. Since DXT compression does not exactly preserve the colors, DXT images can make a real mess of normal maps.
You can still use DXT compression for normal maps. In fact it’s common to do so in games and sims, where resolutions are fairly low and resources come at a premium. Just be aware that the end result is likely to be rather mangled. For low-res situations it’s usually not a big problem. But consider saving the normal map in a non-lossy format. You’ll lose the load-time and video RAM advantages of DDS, but you can compensate by going to a quarter-size resolution. In general for normal maps, you’ll get better appearance with a non-lossy format one-quarter the resolution of the DXT image. For example, a 512×512 PNG normal map will likely look better than a 1024×1024 DDS/DXT normal map.
M98toBGL is a utility designed to convert user designed aircraft model (.MDL) files for FSFW95, FS98 or FS2000 into static scenery source files. Trevor de Stigter. 1.2MB
MDLC MDL Converter Version beta75. A.What is MDLC? MDLC is a program to convert scenery files for the Microsoft Flight Simulator and Combat Flight Simulator. The letters 'MDLC' are the abbreviated form of MDL Converter. It is not allowed to include MDLC in commercial products without a written permission. B.File list MDLC.EXE - MDLC Converter Main program MDLC.INI - MDLC Initialization file for MDLC.EXE RTM.EXE - RTM loader for DPMI management FSDS.MD2 - CFS2 MDL file template for FS2002 MDL file build with FSDS2 gmax.MD2 - CFS2 MDL file template for FS2002 MDL file build with gmax CFS2.MD2 - CFS2 MDL file template for FS2002 MDL file build with SCASM DictGUID.TXT - DICT SECTION GUIDs list for FS80 BGL Opcodes or later FS9_to_CFS2.BAT - Automatic MDLC batch file for converting FS9 to CFS2. By Ivan Hsu. 166K
FS2002/FS2004 FSTransparency. FSTransparency is a free program that creates MS FlightSim-style transparent textures from any image for custom smoke and water effects as well as aircraft components. The program supports three modes of determining alpha values: color masks, luminance, and color proximity. The results can be scaled to any texture size and a custom color palette can be applied to create impressive effects from even grayscale images. Requires .NET Framework (free download at www.microsoft.com). By Larry Lewis. 24K
MDLC MDL Converter .Version beta117 MDLC is a program to convert scenery files for the Microsoft Flight Simulator and Combat Flight Simulator. The letters 'MDLC' are the abbreviated form of MDL Converter. It is not allowed to include MDLC in commercial products without a written permission. Ivan Hsu. 179K
AD-2000. Aircraft Designer 2002 v1.2 LT. AD2K2 is a tool dedicated to the designers of aircraft for Flight Simulator 2002™, Combat Flight Simulator 2™ and later version of Flight Simulator. Attention: this completely functional freeware version (password FREE-WARE) is only for private use and gives no possibility of access to a technical support. The only available help is in the tutorial file and ONLY in the tutorial file (included). Copyright Hervé Devred/A.C.T. publishing/Michel Melchior. Download 4.4MB
DXTBmp - 16 bit Texture Manipulator Updated program for the creation, conversion, compression of the 16/32 bit Texture formats used by CFS2, FS2000, FS2002 & FS2004 Uses nVidia codecs for converting Images to 444-4, 555-1, 565, 888-8 DXT1 and DXT3 formats. Allows the editing of 16/32 bit textures in any Paint program. Reads all default CFS2/FS2000/FS2002/4 formats except 8 bit (use Bmp2000 or BmpExt for them). Separate editing of Alpha channels. Good quality mipping. Preview all Mips. Convert most image formats. Import/Export Targa 32 bit images with Alpha. Import DDS. By Martin Wright. 541K Martin Wright's website - MW Graphics
Posted Jun 23, 2008 14:18 by archive
Aircraft animator sequence creator Created by Colin Norwood in Excel 28-06-2001. 5K
FRHED.ZIP : What is frhed? Welcome to the 'Free Hex Editor', abbreviated with 'frhed'. Frhed is a free binary file editor for 32-Bit Windows platforms, like Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows NT. 291K
Night Light Effects For FS200* V1.2 This tutorial includes a detailed discription of the procedure and example/lesson for adding night light effects to FS 2000 Aircraft. Requires M98toBgl V3.40, Scasm 2.39 and Source2mdl. Compatibility with FS Night Light Creator unknown, for it was released after the completion of this version. This tutorial was made by Marco Rensen. 680K
Show - Image Viewer and Converter. Show is a general purpose image viewing and converting program. All main image types supported plus the added advantage, for FS/CFS users, of reading and writing the R8 Texture Format. Convert direct from jpeg (or any supported format) to R8 with good quality remapping and automatic resizing to 256x256. Convert R8 to bmp or any other format for editing. Browse folders of images. Print images via WYSIWYG dialog with mouse placing/sizing. Image adjustment features. By Martin Wright. File size 646359
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